C format specifiers

Format Specifiers in C
%i or %d	int
%c	char
%f	float
%lf	double
%s	string
%hi	short
%ld	long int
%d,%hu	unsinged short
%u	unsinged int

• \n (newline)
• \t (tab)
• \v (vertical tab)
• \f (new page)
• \b (backspace)
• \r (carriage return)

Format Specifier for int and short in C example

 /*  
  * FormatSpecifiers.c  
  * Copyright 2013 Afiz <afiz@afiz-Extensa-4620>  
  */  
 #include <stdio.h>  
 int main(int argc, char **argv)  
 {  
      int a =109990909;   
      short b = 23;  
      printf("%d,%hi\n",a,b);  
      return 0;  
 }  

Facts about Sorting Techniques

 Bubble sort: comparisons O(n2), Swaps O(n2)  
 Selection Sort: Comparisons O(n2), swaps O(n)  
 Insertion Sort: Comparisons O(n2) , no swaps   
 Insertion sort is best basic sorts.  

Selection Sort example program in C

 /*  
 This is a basic program of Selection sort.  
 Author: Afiz  
 Date:  
 */  
 #include<stdio.h>  
 main()  
 {  
 int a[5]={9,7,4,8,1};// array with 5 elements.  
 int out,in,min,i;// local variable declarations   
 for(out =0;out<4;out++)// outer loop   
      {  
           min =out;   
      for(in=out+1;in<5;in++)// inner loop   
           {  
                if(a[in]<=a[min])  
                     min=in;   
           }  
      int tmp = a[min]; // swap ....   
      a[min]=a[out];  
      a[out]=tmp;  
      }  
 //printing array   
 for(i=0;i<5;i++)  
 {  
      printf("%d\n",a[i]);   
 }  
 }  

Insertion Sort Example program in C

 /*  
 This is a basic program of Insertion sort.  
 Author: Afiz  
 Date:  
 */  
 #include<stdio.h>  
 main()  
 {  
 int a[5]={9,7,4,8,1};// array with 5 elements.  
 int out,in,min,i;// local variable declarations   
 for(out=1;out<5;out++) // outer loop   
      {  
           temp = a[out];  
           in =out;   
      while(in>0 && a[in-1]>=temp) // inner loop   
           {  
                a[in]=a[in-1];  
                --in;   
           }  
           a[in]=temp;   
      }  
 //printing array ..   
 for(i=0;i<5;i++)  
      {  
           printf("%d\n",a[i]); //   
      }  
 }  

Bubble Sort example program in C

 /*  
 This is a basic program of Bubble sort.  
 Author: Afiz  
 Date:  
 */  
 #include<stdio.h>  
 main()  
 {  
 int a[5]={5,5,1,7,-1}; // array with 5 elements.  
 int i,j; // local variable declarations   
 for(i=0;i<5;i++)// outer loop   
 {  
      for(j=1;j<5-i;j++) // outter loop   
           {  
                if(a[j-1]>=a[j])  
                {  
                     int tmp = a[j-1]; // swap   
                     a[j-1]=a[j];  
                     a[j]=tmp;       
                }  
           }  
 }  
 //printing array   
 for(i=0;i<5;i++)  
 {  
      printf("%d\n",a[i]);   
 }  
 }  

Doubly Linked List Program in C

 /* Doubly linked list */  
 /* This program seg,ent creates a doubly linked list then prints in forward and backword */  
 /* Double_l.c */  
 #include <stdio.h>  
 #include <malloc.h>  
 void main(void)  
 {  
      int i;  
      struct ListEntry {  
           int number;  
           struct ListEntry *next;  
           struct ListEntry *previous;  
      } start, *node;  
      start.next = NULL; /* Empty list */  
      start.previous = NULL;  
      node = &start;   /* Point to the start of the list */  
      for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)  
      {  
           node->next = (struct ListEntry *) malloc(sizeof(struct ListEntry));  
           node->next->previous = node;  
           node = node->next;  
           node->number = 50+i;  
           node->next = NULL;  
      }  
      /* Display the list */  
      node = start.next;  
      do {  
           printf("%d ", node->number);  
           node = node->next;  
      } while (node->next); /* Show 60 only one time */  
      do {  
           printf("%d ", node->number);  
           node = node->previous;  
      } while (node->previous);  
 }